THE CONCEPT OF MURAQABAH FROM HADITH PERSPECTIVE AND ITS UNDERSTANDING AMONG MARRIAGE CONSULTATION OFFICER

Disagreement in marriage life is ordinary, but if left prolonged without efforts to settle the situation, a small problem can spread to major upheavals and eventually lead to divorce. Hence, this is the function of the Marriage Consultation Unit under the Islamic Religious Department in every state of Malaysia. During any marriage dispute, the appointed marriage consultation officer (MCO) normally acts as a counsellor to listen to the issues of both parties and provide advice to reconcile the marriage relationship between husband and wife. However, the MCO is not among the accredited counsellors even though counselling practices are implemented during the session. Thus, many people blame the MCO due to various unsuccessful marriage reconciliation that led to higher statistical divorce rate in Malaysia. This phenomenon triggered the researcher to study the MCO’s understanding on one of the elements of hisbah (used as a module of the MCO), which is muraqabah. Besides, this study also explore the hadith related to the concept of muraqabah. This study is qualitative research that employed the use of document analysis method, and interviews. Document analysis was used to extract hadiths related to muraqabah. Six MCO from six districts of Kelantan participated to be interviewed in this research. The findings showed that there are 3 main hadiths related to muraqabah. Most of the MCO also understand the general concept of muraqabah with their own definition. Hence, it is hoped that this study would add to the existing literature of muraqabah as well as its understanding among the MCO. Through this study also, the techniques used in marriage consultation is expected to be more effective and hopefully lead to the reduction of divorce statistics in Kelantan and throughout the country.


PENDAHULUAN
Marriage consultation unit is one of the units placed under Islamic departments existed in every state in Malaysia.This unit plays a role to give advice service to those who are facing conflict especially between husband and wife.Before a couple take the final decision, they are encouraged to attend the consultation session to make peace between them in hope they will change their mind on divorce.This consultation will be handled by an officer who is in position as a marriage consultation officer (MCO).The MCO acts as a counsellor to lend his ears, observe the couple behaviours, become a guide to attract the client to the right path and come out with multiple good advice to solve the problems faced by them.
In the programs held by JAKIM, one of the modules which is disclose to the MCO is about hisbah.There are six main elements in it which are musyaratah, muraqabah, muhasabah, mu'aqabah, mujahadah, and mu'atabah (al-Ghazali, 2004;Mardzelah Makhsin;2008;Ahmad Bashir Aziz, 2015).These elements known as murabathah al-nafs by Fathiyah Mohd Fakhruddin and Asmawati Suhid (2016) and also known as self-hisbah by Mardzelah Makhsin et al. (2012).Hence, in this writing the researchers will focus only on the one element of hisbah which is muraqabah to be studied the hadith related to it and analyse its understanding among the MCO.
VOL 8. NO. 2 (SI) (Nov 2023) (Special Issue) journalofhadis.usim.edu.myDsdsdd However, many people blame the Islamic departments when the statistic shows the increment of muslim divorce year by year.This phenomenon creates a doubt to the quality of counselling or marriage consultation service handled by an appointed MCO (Berita Harian, 10 November 2017).This fact triggered the researcher to answer this criticism towards Islamic departments either it is fair or not to blame the MCO due to the increment of divorce.Hence, the researcher will find out the understanding of the muraqabah's concept as one of the elements of hisbah among the MCO in marriage consultation sessions because the model of Islamic counselling comes from the concept of hisbah (Khairunnas Rajab, 2015).
This research compile into these two important research objectives (RO) as follow: 1.To explore the hadith related to the concept of muraqabah.2. To study the understanding of the concept of muraqabah among the MCO.This research applied inductive approach where the data driven from a few angles.To achieve the objective number one, this research used document analysis as the core method which is searching for related hadith about muraqabah.Only authentic hadith or the other word sahih hadith chose.

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
This research applied inductive approach where the data driven from a few angles.To achieve the objective number one, this research used document analysis as the core method which is searching for related hadith about muraqabah.Only authentic hadith or the other word sahih hadith chose.For the second objective, the case study chose to achieve the objectives.The primary and secondary data gained from the research places which are in six districts in Kelantan (Kota Bharu, Pasir Puteh, Bachok, Tumpat, Tanah Merah and Machang).The primary data obtained from the interview sessions.Meanwhile, the secondary data as the supportive data gained from observation that have been done.Six MCO have been selected as the research participants for the depth interviews to explore their knowledge, experiences, opinions and the most important thing is to study their understanding on the concept of muraqabah.

MARRIAGE CONSULTATION
Marriage is a tie that existed from two persons, a man, and a woman to live together and deliver the next generations as to pursue human survival according to the boundaries or discipline of the rights and responsibilities that have been established by syarak.

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Meaning: And among His signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that ye may dwell in tranquillity with them, and He has put love and mercy between your (hearts): verily in that are signs for those who reflect.(Abdullah Yusuf Ali, 1989) Islam emphasizes on the marriage to be performed forever, showering with love.Islam also prohibits a marriage that is intended for a certain period, merely to release desires only.However, in a life, sweetness and bitterness normally experienced by all spouses.Sometimes the desire does not occur like what have been expected.Conflicts and problems no longer can be tolerated so that divorce is the final decision to take.Divorce is allowed in the Islam when there is no other path that can be taken.
Allah SAW said in al-Quran, Surah al-Baqarah, verse 229: Meaning: "A divorce is only permissible twice: after that, the parties should either hold Together on equitable terms, or separate with kindness.It is not lawful for you, (Men), to take back any of your gifts (from your wives), except when both parties fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allah.If ye (judges) do indeed fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allah, there is no blame on either of them if she give something for her freedom.These are the limits ordained by Allah.So do not transgress them if any do transgress the limits ordained by Allah, such persons wrong (Themselves as well as others)."(Abdullah Yusuf Ali, 1989) Hence, for couples who have problems in their marriage, they are encouraged to attend the closest Islamic office to a counselling session or known as a marriage consultancy.According to Norhayati Ahmad et al. (2008), the department of religion is identified as a corporation agency for the community.This is an effort of a consultancy service that gives clients the opportunity to grow towards a happier and meaningful life.It covers work efforts with individuals or groups.The objectives of the consultation vary by client.
Consultancy covers family problem solving, guiding and helping clients to deal with the crisis, develop self-understanding, improve emotional resilience when dealing with internal conflicts or improve and enhance interaction relationships with other individuals.The MCO serve as facilitators to clients in dealing with issues and problems faced with respect for self-worth, their values and capabilities in line with the concept of Islamic counselling to get the pleasure of Allah SWT based on qada and qadar towards achieving the goal of happiness in the world and the hereafter.
Marriage consultation is a process giving advice and professional guidance.It contains of information, warning, and opinions to help clients identifying the alternatives and discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of the alternatives chosen (Siti Zalikhah, 2002).Marriage consultation in this study is also giving the same meaning as both writers above.Marriage consultation is a platform provided by the government in each district for every state in Malaysia.Anyone who faces difficulties and problems regarding husband and wife relationship can register for marriage consultation appointment in Islamic office which is nearest to them, and the consultation session will be conducted by the MCO which is the opinion given will be spill out from the Islamic perspective.
According to Zainab Ismail et al. ( 2014), although counselling is a new concept for muslim communal life in Malaysia, practically, it is actually an Islamic culture in regard to help others.In addition, aiding those in need has long been existence in the early days of Islam.Counselling service has become part VOL 8. NO. 2 (SI) (Nov 2023) (Special Issue) journalofhadis.usim.edu.myDsdsdd of support systems for married couples.The data indicates that the counselling service has existed since the era of the Prophet Muhammad which was known as nasihah.During Saiyidina Umar al-Khattab's era, he had established the Diwan al-Hisbah as the first step towards upgrading nasihah as a profession to the missionary program and has been part of the approaches for missionary activities within the Islamic Religious Department of the country.The service includes helping couples experiencing domestic conflict and providing necessary assistance to establish mutual understanding and strengthen their family ties and relations.
In Kelantan, every district provides the marriage consultation unit under Islamic departments, and they also call it as advice service unit.They do not call it as counselling unit because the MCO on duty are not the registered counsellor.However, they are implementing the counselling methods although they are not bound to any counselling act.To provide the best service to the clients, the government through Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) conducts several programs for the MCO such as Konvensyen Pegawai Runding Cara that are held every two years and also obliging them to attend a course known as Sijil Tinggi Asas Kaunseling.

HISBAH IN MARRIAGE CONSULTATION
As previously stated, marriange consultation session applied the concept of hisbah as its module.Hisbah is only a short word but it contains very meaningful concept to be practised by all muslim in the world.It is also required to be implemented in every single aspect in life.A concept of enjoining goodness and preventing evil (Al-Ghazali, 2004) frequently discuss among scholars for human development.Because of that, this concept is significant to be enforced in management, business, politic, and in counselling as this study is focusing about.Hisbah is a great concept of syarak about the command on doing good (ma'ruf) which has been seen abandoned and the prohibition of doing the wrongdoing that has been seen to work and improving human relations (Yatimah, 2005).
According to Zainab Ismail et al. ( 2014), at the era of Prophet Muhammad SAW, the tradition of giving assistance to those in problems has become an Islamic spirit and culture since very long time in the Muslim world.Muslims complain their problems, get guidance problem solver to Prophet Muhammad SAW which we could say as counselling service.However, the term of counselling is not existed yet and the process of guidance does not call as counselling but it as nasihah and hisbah.Hisbah is an Islamic concept which means keeping everything in order within the laws of Allah.This doctrine is based on the Quranic expression "enjoin what is good and forbid what is wrong".According to Abd al-Karim Zaidan (1997), hisbah is religious functions in the al-amr bi al-ma ruf wa al-nahy an al-munkar (enjoin what is good and forbid what is wrong) which is an obligatory for those who ruled the Muslims affairs.Ibn Khaldun (1981) also argued that the hisbah is a position in Islamic religious affairs to uphold the good and prevent evil.
Ismail al-Faruqi and Lois Lamya (1986) considered hisbah as an institution for the concept of al-amr bi al-ma'ruf wa alnahy 'an al-munkar.Although this hisbah is not conducted in a professionally and formally in the era of Prophet Muhammad SAW, but it succeeded in shaping the character and behaviour of the Muslim community to respect, love and compassion amongst them.The successful implementation of hisbah will depend on those who willing to do goodness and is free from any other intention except to seek for Allah pleasure.In a way around, spiritual aspect of individual is important in shaping the personality of someone (Norfatmazura CheWil & Nooraini Othman, 2021).
The incentive to practice the concept of hisbah is stated by Allah SWT in al-Quran, Surah al-'Imran, verse 104;  (Abdullah Yusuf Ali, 1989) According to the evidence from al-Quran and hadith, the scholars agreed that every muslim responsible to calling for good and forbidding what is wrong (Siti Zalikhah, 2002).Hence, Islamic counselling focuses on realizing the well-being of individuals whether in an interpersonal or intrapersonal relationship.This is also what need to be implemented in marriage consultation which is act as counselling session to couple in marriage.
Hisbah in the context of this study refers to the right path and good guidance showed by the MCO to the clients and prohibit them when he or she saw the clients tend to choose the wrong way or wrong decision in order to solve their problem in marriage such as reckless towards divorce.There are six main elements in it which are musyaratah, muraqabah, muhasabah, mu'aqabah, mujahadah and mu'atabah.The researchers focusing only on one element in it which is muraqabah.

Muraqabah
Muraqabah is the second element in hisbah.The researcher selected three hadith that are related to the concept of muraqabah as below: From the answers given by the RPs, four from six RPs brought the correct meaning of muraqabah.This is a good beginning before the researcher go further with other questions on their implementation of this concept in marriage consultation sessions.By the way, two of them failed to answer this question but the researcher could not jump into conclusion regarding the implementation because maybe they do not know the definition of the term but they applied the concept indirectly.This will be answered by the next questions.

CONCLUSION
The keyword for the element of muraqabah is 'Allah SWT is near and observing us'.So, the most related hadith is narrated by Imam al-Bukhari (50).This hadith also brought by Imam al-Ghazali in the book.The main point in the hadith is the term of ihsan that giving the command to worship Allah SWT as we can see Him and if not able, be confident that He is seeing us.The second hadith was narrated by Imam at-Tirmizi (1987).Rasulullah SAW command us to fear to Allah SWT (taqwa) at anytime and anywhere.This is because of Allah SWT is not missing from watching and assessing all practises doing by His slaves.Due to this fact, what need to do is all good deeds only and avoid bad things.The last hadith chosen for this element also narrated by Imam at-Tirmizi (2516).This hadith mentioned about a command on be mind with the rights of Allah SWT and we can feel that He is near to us.If we fulfil his rights, He will protect us.We also need to ask for Allah SWT assistance and no one can make bad things on us if He not permit it.
According to al-Ghazali (1998), the meaning of muraqabah is same as the definition of ihsan.However, from the six RPs, only three of them gave the exact meaning of ihsan that has so much relation with the concept of muraqabah.This finding gave the overview of RPs knowledge on this regard.The finding through interview sessions with RPs also showed that three from RPs define the concept of ihsan with being kind to people, sympathy and empathy especially to the spouse in the context of marriage life.This kind of definition is true according to the Malaysians definition as it is stated in Dewan Bahasa and Pustaka (http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=ihsan).However, what is actually needed is the original definition in Arabic that is stated in hadith narrated by al-Bukhari: 50 which is "Worship Allah as if you are seeing Him, and in case you fail to see Him, then observe prayer (with this idea in your mind) that (at least) He is seeing you".By giving the inaccurate definition under the topic of muraqabah showed three of them not knowing well about this concept.
Muraqabah is very important to be implemented by all muslims because it is the manner and someone nature to the Almighty.Many verses in al-Quran such as Al-Baqarah:160, al-Nisa:16, al-Maidah: 62;68;100, Hud: 122 mentioned that muraqabah ensure someone to obey the Islamic teaching and avoid what are prohibited.That's why it is very crucial for each MCO to touch on this matter to the clients.In this context, the MCO is the right person to shower the clients with this approach to be a better person and ameliorate their marriage.

Among of the Prophet Muhammad SAW hadith regarding encouragement of getting marriage is:
Meaning: Let there arise from you a group calling to all that is good, enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong.It is these who are successful.VOL 8. NO. 2 (SI) (Nov 2023) (Special Issue) journalofhadis.usim.edu.my

Table 3 .
The Distribution of RPs that Giving the Exact Meaning of Muraqabah